Free will beliefs are better predicted by dualism than determinism beliefs across different cultures
Autoři:
David Wisniewski aff001; Robert Deutschländer aff001; John-Dylan Haynes aff001
Působiště autorů:
Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff001; Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
aff002; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff003; Clinic for Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff004; Berlin Institute of Health, Max Delbrück Center and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff005; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff006; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff007; SFB 940 Volition and Cognitive Control, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
aff008
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie:
Research Article
prolekare.web.journal.doi_sk:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221617
Souhrn
Most people believe in free will. Whether this belief is warranted or not, free will beliefs (FWB) are foundational for many legal systems and reducing FWB has effects on behavior from the motor to the social level. This raises the important question as to which specific FWB people hold. There are many different ways to conceptualize free will, and some might see physical determinism as a threat that might reduce FWB, while others might not. Here, we investigate lay FWB in a large, representative, replicated online survey study in the US and Singapore (n = 1800), assessing differences in FWB with unprecedented depth within and between cultures. Specifically, we assess the relation of FWB, as measured using the Free Will Inventory, to determinism, dualism and related concepts like libertarianism and compatibilism. We find that libertarian, compatibilist, and dualist, intuitions were related to FWB, but that these intuitions were often logically inconsistent. Importantly, direct comparisons suggest that dualism was more predictive of FWB than other intuitions. Thus, believing in free will goes hand-in-hand with a belief in a non-physical mind. Highlighting the importance of dualism for FWB impacts academic debates on free will, which currently largely focus on its relation to determinism. Our findings also shed light on how recent (neuro)scientific findings might impact FWB. Demonstrating physical determinism in the brain need not have a strong impact on FWB, due to a wide-spread belief in dualism.
Klíčová slova:
Biology and life sciences – Research and analysis methods – Psychology – Social sciences – Sociology – People and places – Population groupings – Computer and information sciences – Geographical locations – Research design – Behavior – Survey research – Surveys – Age groups – Culture – Questionnaires – Data acquisition – North America – United States – Cross-cultural studies
Zdroje
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